3.1 Kwishyira hamwe
Abaguzi benshi mubicuruzwa byamashanyarazi bifite ingufu nkeya ninganda zuzuye ibikoresho byuzuye.Abakoresha hagati bagura ibikoresho byamashanyarazi biciriritse, hanyuma bakabiteranya mumashanyarazi make yuzuye yibikoresho nkibikoresho byo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi, agasanduku ko gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi, imbaho zo gukingira, hamwe n’ibikoresho bigenzura, hanyuma bakabigurisha kubakoresha.Hamwe niterambere ryoguhuza guhuza ababikora, abahuza biciriritse nabakora ibice bikomeza kwishyira hamwe: abakora ibicuruzwa gakondo bitanga ibice gusa nabo batangiye kubyara ibikoresho byuzuye, kandi nabakora gakondo bahuza nabo bagize uruhare mukubyara umusaruro muke- voltage ibice byamashanyarazi binyuze mubiguzi, imishinga ihuriweho, nibindi.
3.2 Gahunda y'umukandara n'umuhanda iteza imbere isi yose
Intego y’ingamba z’igihugu cyanjye “Umukandara umwe, Umuhanda umwe” ni uguteza imbere umusaruro w’ubushinwa n’umusaruro w’ishoramari.Kubera iyo mpamvu, nk'imwe mu nganda zikomeye mu gihugu cyanjye, politiki n'inkunga y'amafaranga bizafasha ibihugu biri mu nzira kwihutisha iyubakwa ry'amashanyarazi, kandi icyarimwe bikingure isoko ryagutse ry'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi mu gihugu cyanjye byohereza mu mahanga.Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba, Aziya yo Hagati n'iy'epfo, Aziya y'Uburengerazuba, Afurika, Amerika y'Epfo n'ibindi bihugu usanga bisigaye inyuma mu kubaka amashanyarazi.Hamwe n’iterambere ry’ubukungu bw’igihugu ndetse n’ikoreshwa ry’amashanyarazi ryiyongera, kubaka amashanyarazi bigomba kwihutishwa.Muri icyo gihe, iterambere ry’ibigo by’ibikoresho byo mu gihugu cyacu bisubira inyuma mu ikoranabuhanga, biterwa cyane n’ibitumizwa mu mahanga, kandi nta buryo bwo gukumira ibicuruzwa byaho.Kubera iyo mpamvu, inganda z’Abashinwa zizihutisha umuvuduko w’isi yose hifashishijwe ingaruka ziva mu bikorwa byo gutangiza umukanda n’umuhanda.Leta yamye ishimangira cyane kohereza mu mahanga ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi bikoresha ingufu nkeya, kandi itanga inkunga kandi ibatera inkunga, nko kugabanyirizwa imisoro yoherezwa mu mahanga, koroshya uburenganzira bwo gutumiza no kohereza mu mahanga, n'ibindi. Kubera iyo mpamvu, politiki y’imbere mu gihugu yohereza ibicuruzwa hanze ibicuruzwa byamashanyarazi make ni byiza cyane.
3.3 Inzibacyuho kuva kumuvuduko muke ujya hagati hamwe numuvuduko mwinshi
Mu myaka 5 kugeza ku 10, inganda zikoresha amashanyarazi make zizabona impinduka ziva mumashanyarazi make ziciriritse ziciriritse, ibicuruzwa bisa nibicuruzwa bya digitale, kugurisha ibicuruzwa kugeza byuzuye mumishinga, hagati-hasi-kugeza hagati-hejuru -gutanga, hamwe no kwiyongera gukomeye.Hiyongereyeho ibikoresho binini bitwara imizigo ndetse no kongera ingufu z’amashanyarazi, mu rwego rwo kugabanya igihombo cy’umurongo, ibihugu byinshi biteza imbere ingufu za 660V mu bucukuzi bw’amabuye y'agaciro, peteroli, imiti n’inganda.Komisiyo mpuzamahanga y’ikoranabuhanga kandi irashimangira cyane 660V na 1000V nk’umuvuduko rusange w’inganda, kandi 660V yakoreshejwe cyane mu bucukuzi bw’amabuye y'agaciro mu gihugu cyanjye.Mu bihe biri imbere, ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi bikoresha ingufu nkeya bizarushaho kongera ingufu zapimwe, bityo bisimbuze “ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi biciriritse”.Inama yabereye i Mannheim, mu Budage nayo yemeye kuzamura urwego rwa voltage nkeya kugeza 2000V.
3.4 Ibikorwa-bishingiye ku gukora, bishingiye ku guhanga udushya
Ibikoresho byo mu rugo bikoresha amashanyarazi make muri rusange bidafite ubushobozi buhagije bwo guhanga udushya kandi ntibishobora guhangana ku isoko ryo mu rwego rwo hejuru.Iterambere ryibikoresho byamashanyarazi bifite ingufu nkeya bigomba kurebwa muburyo bwo guteza imbere sisitemu, ariko kandi no mubisubizo rusange bya sisitemu, no kuva muri sisitemu kugeza gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi, kurinda, no kugenzura ibice, kuva kumuyoboro ukomeye kugeza imbaraga nke zishobora bikemuke.Igisekuru gishya cyibikoresho byumuyagankuba bifite ingufu nkeya zifite amashanyarazi afite ibintu bitangaje biranga imikorere ihanitse, imikorere myinshi, ingano nto, kwizerwa cyane, kurengera ibidukikije bibisi, kuzigama ingufu no kuzigama ibikoresho.Muri byo, igisekuru gishya cy’amashanyarazi yamenetse ku isi, icyuma cyacometse ku mashanyarazi, hamwe n’umuzunguruko w’umuzunguruko hamwe n’uburinzi bwatoranijwe bitanga urufatiro rw’igihugu cyanjye cyo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi make kugira ngo kigere ku ntera yuzuye (harimo na sisitemu yo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi) kandi yuzuye-yuzuye kurinda guhitamo, no gutanga urufatiro rwo kunoza sisitemu yo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi make.Ubwizerwe bwo gutanga amashanyarazi bufite akamaro kanini, kandi bufite iterambere ryagutse cyane mumasoko yo hagati-hejuru-yohejuru [4].Byongeye kandi, igisekuru gishya cyitumanaho, igisekuru gishya cya ATSE, igisekuru gishya cya SPD nindi mishinga nacyo kirimo gutezwa imbere cyane, hiyongeraho imbaraga zo kuyobora inganda guteza imbere byimazeyo udushya twigenga mu nganda no kwihutisha iterambere ry’abato -amashanyarazi yinganda.
3.5 Gukoresha imibare, guhuza, ubwenge, no guhuza
Ikoreshwa rya tekinolojiya mishya ryinjije imbaraga mu iterambere ry’ibicuruzwa bikoresha amashanyarazi make.Mubihe aho ibintu byose bihujwe kandi byose bifite ubwenge, birashobora gukurura "revolution" nshya yibicuruzwa byamashanyarazi make.Ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi bifite ingufu nkeya bigira uruhare runini muriyi mpinduramatwara, kandi bizakora nk'umuhuza wibintu byose, uhuze ibirwa byose byitaruye ibintu byose nabantu bose hamwe nibidukikije bihuriweho.Kugirango tumenye isano iri hagati yumuriro muto wumuriro wamashanyarazi numuyoboro, gahunda eshatu zemewe muri rusange.Iya mbere ni ugutezimbere ibikoresho bishya byimikorere, bihujwe numuyoboro hamwe nibikoresho gakondo byamashanyarazi make;icya kabiri ni ugukuramo cyangwa kongera imikorere ya mudasobwa imiyoboro yibicuruzwa gakondo;icya gatatu nugutezimbere byimazeyo mudasobwa hamwe nibikorwa byitumanaho ibikoresho bishya byamashanyarazi.
3.6 Igisekuru cya kane cyibikoresho byamashanyarazi biciriritse bizahinduka inzira nyamukuru
Igisekuru cya kane ibicuruzwa bito byamashanyarazi ntibiragwa gusa ibiranga ibicuruzwa byo mu gisekuru cya gatatu, ariko kandi byimbitse biranga ubwenge.Mubyongeyeho, bafite kandi ibintu bitangaje nkibikorwa byinshi, imikorere myinshi, miniaturizasi, kwizerwa cyane, kurengera ibidukikije bibisi, kuzigama ingufu no kuzigama ibikoresho.Ibicuruzwa bishya byanze bikunze bizayobora kandi biyobore ikoreshwa nogutezimbere urwego rushya rwikoranabuhanga nibicuruzwa mu nganda zikoresha amashanyarazi make, kandi bizihutisha kuzamura inganda zose zikoresha amashanyarazi make.Mubyukuri, amarushanwa mumasoko y'ibikoresho byamashanyarazi make mumashanyarazi mugihugu ndetse no mumahanga yamye ari mabi.Mu mpera z'imyaka ya za 90, iterambere no guteza imbere igisekuru cya gatatu cy’amashanyarazi make y’amashanyarazi mu gihugu cyanjye cyahuriranye no kuzuza no kuzamura ibisekuruza bya gatatu by’amashanyarazi make.Schneider, Siemens, ABB, GE, Mitsubishi, Moeller, Fuji hamwe n’abandi bakomeye bo mu mahanga bakora amashanyarazi make y’amashanyarazi bakurikiranye ibicuruzwa byo mu gisekuru cya kane.Ibicuruzwa bifite intambwe nshya mubipimo bya tekiniki nubukungu byuzuye, imiterere yibicuruzwa no guhitamo ibikoresho, no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rishya.Kubwibyo, kwihutisha ubushakashatsi niterambere no guteza imbere igisekuru cya kane cyibikoresho byamashanyarazi bikoresha amashanyarazi make mugihugu cyanjye bizibandwaho ninganda mugihe runaka kizaza.
3.7 Iterambere ryiterambere ryibicuruzwa nibikorwa
Kugeza ubu, ibicuruzwa byo mu rugo bikoresha amashanyarazi make biratera imbere mu cyerekezo cyo gukora cyane, kwizerwa cyane, miniaturizasiya, digitalisation, modularisation, guhuza, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, ubwenge, itumanaho, no guhuriza hamwe ibice.Hariho tekinolojiya mishya myinshi igira ingaruka kumajyambere yibikoresho byamashanyarazi bikoresha ingufu nkeya, nkubuhanga bugezweho bwa tekinoroji, tekinoroji ya elegitoroniki, ikoranabuhanga rya mudasobwa, ikoranabuhanga ryitumanaho, ikoranabuhanga ryitumanaho, ikoranabuhanga ryubwenge, ikoranabuhanga ryizewe, ikoranabuhanga ryo kugerageza, nibindi. wibande ku buhanga bushya bwo kurinda birenze.Bizahindura mubyukuri igitekerezo cyo guhitamo amashanyarazi make.Kugeza ubu, nubwo igihugu cyanjye gifite amashanyarazi make yo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi hamwe n’ibikoresho bikoresha amashanyarazi make bifite uburinzi bwatoranijwe, kurinda guhitamo ntabwo byuzuye.Igisekuru gishya cyumubyigano muke wumuriro utanga igitekerezo cyokwirinda byuzuye-byuzuye kandi byuzuye.
3.8 Kuvugurura isoko
Abakora ibikoresho byamashanyarazi bidafite ingufu nkeya badafite ubushobozi bwo guhanga udushya, tekinoroji yo gushushanya ibicuruzwa, ubushobozi bwo gukora nibikoresho bizakurwaho muguhindura inganda.Ibigo bifite igisekuru cya gatatu n'icya kane cyibicuruzwa bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito bito byinshi / 100% 50% 100% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50b /Ibindi bigo bizatandukana mubyiciro bibiri byihariye kandi rusange.Iyambere ihagaze nkuzuza isoko kandi izakomeza gushimangira isoko ryibicuruzwa byumwuga;aba nyuma bazakomeza kwagura isoko ryayo, kunoza umurongo wibicuruzwa, no guharanira guha abakoresha serivisi zuzuye.Bamwe mu bakora inganda bazava mu nganda binjire mu zindi nganda zunguka cyane.
3.9 Icyerekezo cyiterambere cyumubyigano muke wibikoresho byamashanyarazi
Hamwe no kuzamura ibicuruzwa byamashanyarazi make, sisitemu isanzwe izanozwa buhoro buhoro.Mu bihe biri imbere, iterambere ry’ibicuruzwa by’amashanyarazi bifite ingufu nkeya bizagaragarira cyane cyane mu bicuruzwa bifite ubwenge, hamwe n’imikoranire y’itumanaho, igishushanyo mbonera, no gushimangira kurengera ibidukikije no kuzigama ingufu.Mu rwego rwo kwiteza imbere, amahame ane ya tekiniki agomba kwigwa byihutirwa: ibipimo bya tekiniki bishobora gukwirakwiza imikorere yuzuye yibicuruzwa bigezweho, harimo imikorere ya tekiniki, gukoresha imikorere, no gufata neza;itumanaho ryibicuruzwa nibikorwa byibicuruzwa nibisabwa mu itumanaho.Imikoranire myiza;shiraho uburyo bwo kwizerwa no gupima uburyo bwibicuruzwa bifitanye isano kugirango utezimbere ibicuruzwa byizewe nubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa, no kongera ubushobozi bwo guhangana nibicuruzwa byo hanze;gutegura urutonde rwibipimo ngenderwaho byo kumenyekanisha ibidukikije n’ibipimo ngenderwaho by’ingufu zikoreshwa n’amashanyarazi y’amashanyarazi make, kuyobora no gutunganya umusaruro no gukora ibicuruzwa bizigama ingufu kandi bitangiza ibidukikije “ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi bibisi” [5].
3.10 Impinduramatwara
Impinduramatwara yicyatsi ya karubone nkeya, kuzigama ingufu, kuzigama ibikoresho no kurengera ibidukikije byagize ingaruka zikomeye ku isi.Ikibazo cy’umutekano w’ibidukikije ku isi uhagarariwe n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere cyarushijeho kwigaragaza, kandi ikoranabuhanga ry’amashanyarazi ridafite ingufu n’ikoranabuhanga rikoresha ingufu zahindutse imbibi n’ahantu hashyushye mu guhatanira ikoranabuhanga.Kubakoresha bisanzwe, usibye ubuziranenge nigiciro cyibikoresho byamashanyarazi bikoresha ingufu nkeya, barita cyane kubikorwa byo kuzigama ingufu no kurengera ibidukikije kubicuruzwa.Byongeye kandi, mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko, leta yashyizeho kandi ibisabwa mu kurengera ibidukikije no kuzigama ingufu z’ibicuruzwa bikomoka ku mashanyarazi y’amashanyarazi akoreshwa n’inganda n’abakoresha inyubako z’inganda.Nibisanzwe muri rusange gukora ibikoresho byamashanyarazi bibisi ningufu bizigama hamwe nibishobora guhiganwa kandi bigaha abakiriya ibisubizo byamashanyarazi byizewe, byubwenge kandi bibisi.Kuza kwa revolusiyo yicyatsi bizana ibibazo n'amahirwe kubabikora mu nganda zikoresha amashanyarazi make [5].
Igihe cyo kohereza: Apr-01-2022
